Sanskrit
Decline a noun
All eight cases, in all three numbers, with what each case is actually doing in a sentence. Type a stem in IAST.
guru
u-stem, masculine| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| NominativeWho or what performs the action? | guruḥ | gurū | guravaḥ |
| AccusativeWho or what receives the action? | gurum | gurū | gurūn |
| InstrumentalBy whom, or by what means? | guruṇā | gurubhyām | gurubhiḥ |
| DativeTo whom, or for whom? | gurave | gurubhyām | gurubhyaḥ |
| AblativeFrom whom, or from what? | guroḥ | gurubhyām | gurubhyaḥ |
| GenitiveWhose? Of what? | guroḥ | gurvoḥ | gurūṇām |
| LocativeIn, on, or among what? | gurau | gurvoḥ | guruṣu |
| VocativeAddressing someone directly. | guro | gurū | guravaḥ |
These forms follow from the stem class and the case endings, so they are checkable against any grammar rather than merely plausible. Retroflexion is applied where the rule calls for it, which is why guru gives guruṇā while bhānu gives bhānunā.
Consonant stems, pronouns and the irregular nouns are not here yet. Feminine i-stems admit longer alternatives in four cases; the shorter set is shown. Kinship ṛ-stems such as pitṛ decline differently from agent nouns and are not covered by the ṛ-stem option.
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5
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