Complete learning edition. The Sanskrit source remains separate from attributed word meanings, translation, explanation and commentary witnesses. Diagrams and memory aids are study tools, not replacements for the source text.
काश्यश्च परमेष्वासः शिखण्डी च महारथः। धृष्टद्युम्नो विराटश्च सात्यकिश्चापराजितः।।1.17।।
kāśhyaśhcha parameṣhvāsaḥ śhikhaṇḍī cha mahā-rathaḥ dhṛiṣhṭadyumno virāṭaśhcha sātyakiśh chāparājitaḥ
And the Maharaja of Benares, the great archer, Shikhandi, the great soldier, Dhrishtayumna, Virata, and Satyaki, the invincible one,
English rendering by Shri Purohit Swami. Each source voice remains named.
Build the sentence from its parts
Read across once, then cover the meanings and recover them from the Sanskrit forms.
| Sanskrit form | Meaning here |
|---|---|
| kāśhyaḥ | King of Kashi |
| cha | and |
| parama-iṣhu-āsaḥ | the excellent archer |
| śhikhaṇḍī | Shikhandi |
| cha | also |
| mahā-rathaḥ | warriors who could single handedly match the strength of ten thousand ordinary warriors |
| dhṛiṣhṭadyumnaḥ | Dhrishtadyumna |
| virāṭaḥ | Virat |
| cha | and |
| sātyakiḥ | Satyaki |
| cha | and |
| aparājitaḥ | invincible |
The king of Kasi, an excellent archer, Sikhandi, the mighty car-warrior, Dhrishtadyumna, Virata, and Satyaki, the unconquered.
Attributed explanatory witness: Swami Sivananda. Chapter lens: Map the battlefield, speakers, relationships and Arjuna’s reasons before reading later answers backward into the crisis.
Three named reading witnesses
Śaṅkara edition witness
Swami GambiranandaAnd the King of Kashi, wielding a great bow, and the great chariot-rider Sikhandin, Dhrstadyumna, Virata, and Satyaki the unconquered;
Rāmānuja edition witness
Swami AdidevanandaAnd the King of Kasi, the supreme bowman, Sikandi the mighty warrior, Dhrstadyumna, and Virata; and Satyaki, the invincible;
Sivananda commentary witness
Swami SivanandaThe king of Kasi, an excellent archer, Sikhandi, the mighty car-warrior, Dhrishtadyumna, Virata, and Satyaki, the unconquered.
These are concise, attributed reading witnesses from identified editions. They are presented for comparison and are not merged into one anonymous interpretation.
Meaning map
Follow the thought
- 1
And the Maharaja of Benares, the great archer, Shikhandi, the great soldier, Dhrishtayumna, Virata
- 2
Satyaki, the invincible one,
- 3
kāśhyaḥ: King of Kashi
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Link
Use the line starts: kāśhyaśhcha parameṣhvāsaḥ / dhṛiṣhṭadyumno virāṭaśhcha.
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Map the battlefield, speakers, relationships and Arjuna’s reasons before reading later answers backward into the crisis.
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Three questions for this verse
- 1
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- 2
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- 3
Which emotion, observation or reason is expressed?
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