Complete learning edition. The Sanskrit source remains separate from attributed word meanings, translation, explanation and commentary witnesses. Diagrams and memory aids are study tools, not replacements for the source text.
भीष्मद्रोणप्रमुखतः सर्वेषां च महीक्षिताम्। उवाच पार्थ पश्यैतान्समवेतान्कुरूनिति।।1.25।।
bhīṣhma-droṇa-pramukhataḥ sarveṣhāṁ cha mahī-kṣhitām uvācha pārtha paśhyaitān samavetān kurūn iti
Where Bheeshma and Drona had led all the rulers of the earth, they spoke thus: O Arjuna! Behold, these members of the family of Kuru are assembled.
English rendering by Shri Purohit Swami. Each source voice remains named.
Build the sentence from its parts
Read across once, then cover the meanings and recover them from the Sanskrit forms.
| Sanskrit form | Meaning here |
|---|---|
| bhīṣhma | Grandsire Bheeshma |
| droṇa | Dronacharya |
| pramukhataḥ | in the presence |
| sarveṣhām | all |
| cha | and |
| mahī-kṣhitām | other kings |
| uvācha | said |
| pārtha | Arjun, the son of Pritha |
| paśhya | behold |
| etān | these |
| samavetān | gathered |
| kurūn | descendants of Kuru |
| iti | thus |
In front of Bhishma and Drona, and all the rulers of the earth, he said: "O Arjuna, son of Pritha, behold these Kurus gathered together."
Attributed explanatory witness: Swami Sivananda. Chapter lens: Map the battlefield, speakers, relationships and Arjuna’s reasons before reading later answers backward into the crisis.
Three named reading witnesses
Śaṅkara edition witness
Swami GambiranandaSanjaya said, "O scion of the line of Bharata (Dhrtarashtra), Hrsikesa, being told so by Gudakesa (Arjuna), placed the excellent chariot between the two armies, in front of Bhisma and Drona as well as all the rulers of the earth, and said, 'O Partha (Arjuna), behold these assembled people of the Kuru dynasty.'"
Rāmānuja edition witness
Swami AdidevanandaSanjaya said: Thus addressed by Arjuna, Sri Krishna drew up the best of chariots between the two armies, in full view of Bhisma, Drona, and all the other kings, O Dhrtarastra. He then said, "O Arjuna, behold these assembled Kauravas."
Sivananda commentary witness
Swami SivanandaIn front of Bhishma and Drona, and all the rulers of the earth, he said: "O Arjuna, son of Pritha, behold these Kurus gathered together."
These are concise, attributed reading witnesses from identified editions. They are presented for comparison and are not merged into one anonymous interpretation.
Meaning map
Follow the thought
- 1
Where Bheeshma and Drona had led all the rulers of the earth, they spoke thus
- 2
O Arjuna! Behold, these members of the family of Kuru are assembled
- 3
bhīṣhma: Grandsire Bheeshma
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Use the line starts: bhīṣhma-droṇa-pramukhataḥ sarveṣhāṁ / uvācha pārtha.
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Map the battlefield, speakers, relationships and Arjuna’s reasons before reading later answers backward into the crisis.
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Three questions for this verse
- 1
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- 2
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- 3
Which emotion, observation or reason is expressed?
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